This study evaluated the effectiveness of 3D Nonlinear Diagnostics (NLS) with Spectral-Entropy Analysis (SEA) for detecting cholangiocarcinoma and distinguishing it from other biliary tract diseases. Researchers compared 3D NLS with ultrasound, CT, and ERCPG in patients with benign biliary stenosis, tumors, and cholangiocarcinoma. The findings showed that 3D NLS provided highly accurate visualization of small tumors, bile duct involvement, and vascular invasion while improving differentiation between malignant and inflammatory lesions. SEA confirmed tumor morphology with very high agreement to histological results. The method also helped assess tumor spread, surgical resectability, and treatment planning. Overall, 3D NLS combined with SEA demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy and strong potential as a non-invasive tool for early cholangiocarcinoma detection.

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